|
Hate speech, outside the law, is speech that attacks a person or group on the basis of attributes such as gender, ethnic origin, religion, race, disability, or sexual orientation.〔(Definitions for "hate speech" ), Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 June 2011〕〔Nockleby, John T. (2000), “Hate Speech,” in ''Encyclopedia of the American Constitution'', ed. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, vol. 3. (2nd ed.), Detroit: Macmillan Reference US, pp. 1277-1279. Cited in "Library 2.0 and the Problem of Hate Speech," by Margaret Brown-Sica and Jeffrey Beall, (''Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship'', vol. 9 no. 2 (Summer 2008) ).〕 In law, hate speech is any speech, gesture or conduct, writing, or display which is forbidden because it may incite violence or prejudicial action against or by a protected individual or group, or because it disparages or intimidates a protected individual or group. The law may identify a protected group by certain characteristics.〔(Criminal Justice Act 2003 )〕〔An Activist's Guide to The Yogyakarta Principles; p125 by Yogyakarta Principles in Action〕〔(Uslegal.com: Hate speech ) Retrieved 31 July 2012〕 In some countries, a victim of hate speech may seek redress under civil law, criminal law, or both. A website that uses hate speech is called a ''hate site''. Most of these sites contain Internet forums and news briefs that emphasize a particular viewpoint. There has been debate over how freedom of speech applies to the Internet as well as hate speech in general. Critics have argued that the term "hate speech" is a contemporary example of Newspeak, used to silence critics of social policies that have been poorly implemented in a rush to appear politically correct.〔(UK-USA: The British Character of America )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=George Orwell meets the OIC )〕 == International == The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that "any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law".〔International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 20〕 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) prohibits all incitement of racism.〔Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 4〕 On 3 May 2011, Michael O'Flaherty with the United Nations Human Rights Committee published General Comment No. 34 on the ICCPR, which among other comments expresses concern that many forms of "hate speech" do not meet the level of seriousness set out in Article 20.〔Paragraph 54 of ("Draft general comment No. 34", UN Human Rights Committee Hundredth and first session, 3 May 2011 )〕 Concerning the debate over how freedom of speech applies to the Internet, conferences concerning such sites have been sponsored by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.〔(''Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the use of the Internet for purposes of incitement to racial hatred, racist propaganda and xenophobia, and on ways of promoting international cooperation in this area'' ), Preparatory Committee for the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance, United Nations, 27 April 2001〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hate speech」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|